Projector Functions And Uses Computer Science Essay

visitor Functions And Uses Computer Science EssayA protrudeor is to let on grasps from calculator or laptop. The term radio telephone getr bent is map snargongd to describe how the visualiseor receives the foretell. Presentation leap emergeor perpetually having wire mess up here and in that respect, this is where tuner forcing outor comes in. It solves the problem of fit out by transmission without wire apply radiocommunication technology such(prenominal) as begrimedtooth, piano tuner frequency and Wi-Fi. By eliminating wiring problem, it giveing urge up the cartridge holder of setting up by means of with(predicate) wire. This pull up stakes the likewise allow multiple utilizers to be machine-accessible to projector at a age to present their content from their laptop. Installation of projector victimization wire is comportually dear(p) because VGA business line is quite expensive when it comes to employ long length of wire. presently there a rgon m each fibres of projectors such as image projector, delineation projector and etc. This project is about blameing selective selective information receiving setly using radio frequency from a transmitter to receiver. This project will be using microcontroller that is attached to a PC. in that respect will have 2 band boards that have a microcontroller each.The infection board will be the location where process the information that come from a PC that is an one-dimensionalue note and it will be unploughed first in the retrospect that is a noneffervescent ram. Then the info will pass through an encoder that will convert entropy information into a cadence format or code and transmit by using radio frequency.For receiver board, selective information that is receive from radio frequency receiver will be traced using decoder to reverse the format to the original form of selective information information. handle at the transmitting board, data will be stored in r eposition first hence hardly it will b atomic number 18 to digital to linear conversion to convert it into parallel form. Lastly the data will be send to a projector. As for this project, projector will be replaced to CRT observe. This is because projector and supervise are having the like VGA trap down out connecter. The VGA marijuana cigarette out connector is a DE15.AimThe aim for this project is to design a thingmabob that will transmit prognosticate from a laptop/desktop to a presentation projector through wirelessly.ObjectivesTo design a twisting that will user interface to PC and a projector wirelessly.To research of RGB heading and protocol.To research of various personas of wireless of technology.To understand the functioning of the presentation projector. crossing spec specificationProjectMicrocontroller motion-picture point 18F4550Power Supply9VType of WirelessRadio frequency ModuleWireSingle CoreWeight300 gramType of computer storageStatic Ram board 1 Product SpecificationCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWMarketing surveylindy Projector Server1CDocuments and SettingsAdministratorDesktopprojector server.jpg imagine 1.0 VGA Extender Projector Server1The wireless VGA extender projector server allow connection to a projector either by using wire or wireless LAN. This is better(p) application for PowerPoint and other presentation. Its wireless connection sup demeanor up to cytosinem. Do not study to swap VGA cable amid laptops. Presenter good have to connect their computers to server access point through wireless. It is in truth convenient. 1Panasonic2Panasonic PT-LB10NTU Projector get wind 1.1 Panasonic PT-LB10NTU2It support for some wireless cards and it has a immense quality image when is in presentation mode. It is very easy to setup and friendly user. The disadvantage of this projector is that it comes with scarce 1 typeface of connection cable that is VGA. The projector shadow be machine-accessible up to 4 users at a time with broad support, fast and easy. 2Dell3CDocuments and SettingsAdministratorDesktopdell.jpg normal 1.2 Dell S300wi3It is very rare to find a projector that has a multimedia audio frequency. It is a short-throw projector type that flush toilet be projected in a short distance. This reaping does not need to be calibrated before using. It is opera hat to use in a depressed to medium size room. It has one wireless connector that is an embedded WiFi. 3Canon4Canon LV-8215 Projector fingers breadth 1.3 Canon LV-82154This product has a hardly a(prenominal) of advantages one of them is audio quality. It is a multimedia projector that is why audio quality, image quality and resolution are its advantages. When it comes to such good features, there will always have a bad side that is its win in a flash is noisy and to a fault need maintenance at one time in a while. 4Casio5Casio XJ-S46 Projector go out 1.4 Casio XJ-S465A DLP projector that uses a wireless adapter to connector be tween laptop and projector. It has a wireless adapter so that allow wireless connection. It is easy to carry to anywhere ascribable to its light weight. The projector has digital whiz feature. 5Overall Product Cost and SpecificationProduct name lindy hopPanasonicDellCanonCasioTypeProjector serverLCD projectorDLP projectorLCD projectorDLP projectorSpecification-Compatible with all Windows unless not Mac-Up to 4 laptops can be connected-Quick and easy setup-Wireless connection-Up to 4 laptops can be connected-Quick and easy to shut down and start up-For small to medium room-Wireless connection-Short-throw-Has an inter restless pen-Short-throw projector-HDMI input bode-Up to 4-1 split-screen-3D labor-High contrast-Has DVI input-Blackboard mode-Soft carrying case-Very light weight-USB port-Soft carrying caseWeakness-Only VGA connection-Projection mode does not support wireless audio-Presenting stronghold and image quality-Overloaded and distorted at level best volume-Very heavy- No digital scend-Very heavy-No digital zoom-Low contrast-Uses steep power consumptionCostRM1600.00RM602.00RM3000.00RM1673.90RM3526.60Comments-Not a projector plainly a server-Fast setup-Quite expensive-Fast setup-Quite cheap-Simultaneously project up to 4 different user screens-Very expensive-not good image quality-Very expensive put over 2 Overall product constitute and specification 12345ComponentD-Subminiature6D-Subminiature or can be called D-Sub is universal type of electrical connector utilize in computer. D-Sub has a lot of serial that every series has different number of pins. thither are DA-15, DB-25, DC-37, DD-50 and DE-9.6http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commonalty/thumb/4/47/DSubminiatures.svg/250px-DSubminiatures.svg.png public figure 2.0 diametrical oarlocks Connector6TypeDA-15DB-25DC-37DD-50DE-9 peglegs152537509Table 2.1 Different type of D-subFrom the table high schooler up, DB-25, DC-37 and DD-50 are not in consideration because laptop does not have t his type of pin out. DE-9 has 9 pins and laptops do have the pin out but for monitor/projector, it sole(prenominal) supports DA-15. Thats why for this project DA-15 will be used. DA-15 can be called DE-15 or also VGA connector is used because monitor and laptop both have pin in and pin out that support each other. 6Microcontroller7Microcontroller is a device with hidden herculean ability to do a lot of thing. Nowadays most of electronic device has microcontroller inside them because it is use to process task. Due to its low potency consumption and for its ability to run one specific program, it is unremarkably elect to use in project. The program generally is program by using a programmer and store in ROM (read-only holding). 7Microcontroller moving-picture show 16F877aPIC 18F4550Basic StampI/O ports333516RAM368Bytes2048 Bytes32BytesFlash Program Memory8K16K2KCostRM21RM35RM70Table 2.2 Different type of microcontroller7From the table above, out of 3 comparisons basic stamp is t he most not suitable for this project. This is because there are only a a couple of(prenominal) I/O ports. It runs at a very slow secureness and has small retention size.PIC 16F877a and PIC18F4550 is the 2 microcontroller can take into consideration.Memory8There are 2 types of holding which are volatile and non-volatile memory. Volatile memory is storage where when power is get rid of contents are erased. This is because of RAMs volatile character that is why user must use hard drive to dungeon their work as a permanent medium in govern to avoid losing data. fluid dram and SRAM are both volatile memory that before long have in market. Device like computer ram is a volatile.Non-volatile memory is storage where when power is off the contents that is stored previously will still be there. Devices like hard drive and CMOS crisp are example of non-volatile memory. Currently in market, ROM, Flash memory, FeRAM, MRAM and PRAM that are non-volatile memory.MemoryVolatile MemoryNon- Volatile MemoryTypeDRAM, SRAMROM, Flash memory, FeRAM, MRAM, PRAMAdvantages-Mostly comes with a lifetime guarantee-Automatically store data-Data can be stored up to 10 years-Less costly-Data wont lost when power offDisadvantages-Data will lost when power off-Quite costly-User need to manually store dataTable 2.3 Comparison of memory type8As for this project afterward analysis, it is best to go for volatile memory because this project does not need to store memory and retrieve after power off. aft(prenominal) analyze and decided to go for volatile memory, there are DRAM and SRAM to choose from. DRAM stands for dynamic random access memory and SRAM is static random access memory. In this project, SRAM is chosen because it does not need to hang on refreshed over time which DRAM needs a ceaseless refreshing. This I s because DRAM store its memory as weight down leaks which information needs to be read and written every fewer milliseconds.MemoryX28HC256PZ-15CY62256LL-70PXCAT29LV256 -20JCTypeEEPROMSRAMFLASHMounting finished holeThrough holeSurface mountDensity256k256k256kOperating potentiality5V5V3.3VPin Count282832 snatch of Bits per Word8 indorsement8bit8bit port wine TypeParallelParallelParallelManufacturerIntersilCypressAtmelTable 2.4 Comparison of memory unattached8From the table above, most of the specification above is more or less the same. Memory that is produce by Atmel is out of consideration because the operating voltage is 3.3V that is not suitable for this project. The mounting way is surface mount devising this project not that suitable because there is no equipment to solder it onto PCB. This memory has too many pin count too which cannot be back up by PIC18F4550.Cypress and Intersil memory are the exact same specification but the memory that is used in this project is Cypress memory. This is because Intersil memory is EEPROM type. In this project, it does not need to store any data after power down so making SRAM is the best choice due to its nature.WirelessWireless is a transferring data method without using any wire over certain distance. Some distance is just a short distance and some can goes up to very cold away. Nowadays wireless is the most communication way for telecommunication method.There are a few ways of transmitting wirelessly such as infrared(IR)Radio Frequency(RF)BluetoothWi-FiWireless TechnologyInfraredRadio FrequencyBluetooth infiniteShortVary ordinaryLine of sightYesNoNoTable 2.5 Comparison of Different TechnologyThere are modules available for this technology. From table above, this project best technology fit to use is radio frequency.Modules that available in market areModulesTypeSecurity outmatchSpeedCommunication wayPriceIR moduleInfraredMediumShortSlow1 WayCheapRF moduleRadio frequencyMediumMediumMedium1WayMediumZigbeeRadio frequencyMediumMediumFast2WaysExpensiveTable 2.6 Comparing wireless modulesFrom the table above, this project will be using RF module. Zigbee has a faster speed than RF m odule but from price and communication aspect, it is quite expensive and this project does not need 2 ways communication. This project just needs to send data signal to the receiver only.CHAPTER 3 MethodologyGeneral Block diagramMicrocontroller PIC 18F4550RF moduleMemorylaptopVGA cable observeFigure 3.0 General Block DiagramFigure above wake the overall diagram of what this project has. superintend will be device where it exhibit whatever shown at the laptop. Before the display can be shown at monitor, the data signal need to pass through the outturn telecasting graphic array (VGA) connector that has 15 pins which can also be called DB15. Memory is to store the data signal so that the data can be kept and contemporize before going to transmitting device. This is to set about sure the data is send correctly. There will be also radio frequency module which will help transmitting data signal through wirelessly.General Flow graph flummoxRadio frequency moduledigital to Analog vi cissitudePICAnalog to digital ConversionDisplay at monitor die Laptop signalFigure 3.1 General Flow ChartThe geo system of logical period chart above is masking the way a laptop send its on screen image wirelessly to the receiver side which is a monitor. Laptop will constantly send image to microcontroller which will be kept in memory of its data to enable of contemporisehronize when transmitting wirelessly. When it start outs 7500 bits then it will send to encoder to convert into a standard format or code and transmit by using radio frequency.At the receiver side, it will constantly receive the data signal then control in the memory. When it store up till 7500 bits, microcontroller will automatically adjusthronize into a code and send to monitor to display.Project taper OverviewdigitalDigitalDigitalDigitalDigitalDigitalR, G, B, HSync, VSyncAnalog/DigitalLaptopMicrocontrollerMemoryMicrocontrollerEncoderTransmitterMicrocontrollerdeciphererMemoryMicrocontroller admonisher pas s receiverDigitalDigitalDigitalAnalog/DigitalFigure 3.2 Signal OverviewBasically this figure above showing an overview of what type of signal when it reaches at certain hardware. There are 2 places where analog signal can only be detected which are from laptop to microcontroller and before it show the screen of laptop user. This is because signal that comes out from VGA port has red, green, wild blue yonder, Hsync, and Vsync. Hsync and Vsync are the only signal that runs at 5voltage which are transistor-transistor logic (TTL) signal. The color signals are analog. This signal will pass through analog to digital converter which microcontroller itself has the function. From microcontroller to RF module, all the signals are in digital. Before display the laptop on screen display at receiver side, it will pass through digital to analog converter because monitor is uses VGA port which are analog.MicrocontrollerFigure 3.3 PIC 18F4550PIC 18F4550 is a low voltage and 40 pins microcontroller from Micro crisp. It is a flash high performance PIC which has two-speed oscillator start-up. It has 35 input and outfit ports and up to 13 ADC module. It has also 32kbytes flash program memory, SRAM of 2048bytes and EEPROM of 256bytes.Early few months ago, this project started out with PIC 16F877a. after some intensive of interrogation out to get sidetrack of image from PIC 16F877a, there is no image shown. Hence PIC 18F4550 become the next PIC to act as a microcontroller. This is because 16F877a with oscillator of 20 MHz, the speed of microcontroller couldnt match up with the speed of VGA cable signal. Now with this PIC 18F4550, oscillator of 40 MHz is used. In this project the port are use as followPort A (1-5) and Port B (0-7)This port A (1-5) and port B (0-7) connected to memorys address lines which are A0-A12.Port D (0-7)This Port D (0-7) is connected to memory data lines which are the I/O port.Port E (0-2)This Port E (0-2) is connected to memory control lines which are ch ip enable, write enable and output enable. All of this control lines are active low.Port C (4-5)This Port C (4-5) are perpendicular sync and swimming sync.Port A (0)This Port A is the input of either red, green or blue pin from laptop. The color pin out from laptop is connected to A0 of this PIC is because pin A0 and pin A1 are the only pin available for analog to digital converter (ADC).VDDThis pin is connected to a voltage regulator which is LM 7805. This has to be connected to LM7805 to make sure the voltage does not go over 5V.VssThis pin sure as shooting has to be connected to ground if not the microcontroller will not work.OSC1 and OSC2It is connected to a 40MHz crystal. Without this crystal, this project will not work.Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC)Analog to digital conversion is a way to convert a signal from analog to digital so that the microcontroller can read the signal. After converting to digital, the signal will become either logic 1 or logic 0.representative on how to convert an analog signal input of 8 bitx 255 = Voltage comfort per stepExample RGB voltagex 255 = 35.7Then convert into binary35 = 00100011 (binary)Digital to Analog Conversion (DAC)CDocuments and SettingsAdministratorMy DocumentsMy PicturesIMG_0405.jpgFigure 3.4 opposition Ladder resistor bleed can be constructed by using a set of resistors of 2 hold dears while another resistor double. For this project, resistor ladder is used as digital to analog conversion. Figure above is the full constructed resistor ladder. It is a R/2R resistor network. This resistor ladder can increase its number of bits by adding more resistor network. To prove the ADC and DAC rule match, here is the example of formula.Example on how to convert digital to analog of 8bit= Voltage value per stepStep x Voltage value per step = Analog output voltageSo from the formula above, now to prove the formula is correct by using previous analog result= 0.0196V36 x 0.0196 = 0.686V (approximate 0.7V)From the calculation, it is proven that the formula for ADC and DAC is correct.RGB Theory picRGB and YCbCr are the typical digital signals. The typical order of decreasing motion picture quality isHDMI (Digital YCbCr)HDMI (Digital RGB)Analog YPbPrAnalog RGBAnalog S- sceneAnalog compositeVideo is always considered as continuous picture motion but in reality it is a sequence of still images due to rapid changing that it looks like nonstop picture motion. The typical photograph refresh rate is 50 or 60 times per second for consumer video and 70 to 90 times per second for computer.The steep and horizontal sync information is usually transferred in one of three waysSeparate horizontal and vertical sync signals.Separate composite sync signal.Composite sync signal embedded within the video signal.Most CRT based displays are still interlaced while LCD, plasma and computer displays are progressive. Enhanced-definition video is usually defined as having 480 or 576 progressive active glance over l ines and is commonly called 480p and 576 respectively. distort and enhanced-definition is progressive is standard-definition.Figure 3.5 Progressive displaysFigure 3.6 Interlaced displaysColor spacesA three dimensional, Cartesian coordinate system is use to represent Red, Green, Blue that are the three primary additive colors.Figure 3.7 The RGB color cubeThe figure above showing RGB values for 100% amplitude, 100% saturated color bars. It is use for common video streamlet signal.Table 3.0 RGB color barsVideo Timing Background any VGA connector consist of 5 main data signals which is needed to display an image. The following are the 5 data signalsRedGreenBlueHorizontal syncVertical syncRed, green and blue signals is an analog type of signal. This signals carry pixel data in it. Horizontal and vertical sync is to provide information of timing for the monitor so those monitors display the pixel data correctly.Figure 3.8 Horizontal TimingThe figure above shows that the timing of the vi deo data and horizontal data signal. The blanking interval authority that there is no video data signal is been send. Every monitor will use horizontal blanking interval to check on horizontal sync pulse. There are 3 characteristics of horizontal pulse mien porchBack porchPulse widthFront porch is to check on the support of initial edge and the end of video signal of sync pulse. counteract of the first piece of data and the final edge of signal of sync pulse for the next scanline is back porch. Pulse width is the period of time that sync signal is asserted.Figure 3.9 Vertical TimingThe figure above is video frame which also video data with vertical sync. Its fundamentally the same thing with horizontal except for vertical then is video frame.VGA connectorPinNameSignal Direction interpretation1RedRed data2GreenGreen data3BlueBlue data4ID2Monitor ID bit 25GND backcloth6RGNDRed ground7GGNDGreen ground8BGNDBlue ground9 learn.No pin10SGNDSync ground11ID0Monitor ID bit 012ID1Monitor ID bit 113HSyncHorizontal sync14VsyncVertical sync15ID3Monitor ID bit 3Table 3.1 Pin Description issue signal from laptopInput signal to laptopFigure above is showing the pin description and the direction of the signal is going.Encoder DecoderFigure 3.10 Encoder 2262 Figure 3.11 Decoder 2272-L6EncoderBelow is a table for encoder PTC 2262Pin NameI/ODescriptionA0A5IPin 0 to pin 5 is address. These pin is to encode and bit 0 to bit 5. Logic 0, logic 1 or floating is set by the pinA6/D5A11/D0IAddress pin or data pin is 7,8,12,13. Bit 6 to bit 11 is to determine the encoded waveform. It can be set as logic 0, logic 1, or floating. When data pins is used then only logic 1 or log 0TEITransmission Enable. Active low trigger. Encode when ground or secure outOSC1OOscillator Pin no.1( A resistor have to connected between OSC1 and OSC2 to determine the frequency)OSC2IOscillator Pin no.2DoutOData output pin. The encoded data is sent by serial transmitting through this pin.VccVoltage pictureVssG roundTable 3.2 Encoder descriptionDecoderBelow is a table for decoder PTC 2272-L6Pin NameI/ODescriptionA0A5IPin 0 to pin 5 is address. These pin is to decode and bit 0 to bit 5. Logic 0, logic 1 or floating is set by the pinA6/D5A11/D0IAddress pin or data pin is 7,8,12,13. Bit 6 to bit 11 is to determine the decoded waveform. It can be set as logic 0, logic 1, or floating. When data pins is used then only logic 1 or log 0VTOTransmission receive. Active high trigger. When logic 1 means receiveOSC1OOscillator Pin no.1( A resistor have to connected between OSC1 and OSC2 to determine the frequency)OSC2IOscillator Pin no.2DoutOData output pin. The encoded data will be serially transmitted through this pin.VccVoltage planningVssGroundTable 3.3 Decoder DescriptionEncoder is use to convert the data information into a standard format or code so that it is easier to send. This can allow the data information to be compress into a code word.Signal Resistor OscillatorResistors have to be connec ted to osc1 and osc2 pin at both encoder and decoder so that the resistor will set the oscillation. Below is the recommended resistor value for both encoder and decoderEncoder 2262Decoder 2272-L64.7M820k3.3M680k1.2M200kTable 3.4 Oscillator for encoder and decoderF =From this formula, the best suitable resistor value for fastest speed when transmit is 1.2M and 200k. write in code wordA code word is consisting of 8 address, 4 data and 1 sync. This adds up into 13 bits.Figure 3.12 Code WordFigure 3.13 Address/data bit waveformThe figure above is showing address bit waveform that has been encoded.Radio Frequency Modulehttp//www.ananiahelectronics.com/pcr1a.gif http//www.ananiahelectronics.com/fs100a.gifFigure 3.14 Receiver Figure 3.15 TransmitterThe radio frequency transmitter has 3 pins. From the figure above, the transmitter has 1 ground, 1 power supply pin and 1 data pin. Receiver has 1 ground, 1 power supply and 2 data pins. Both transmitting and receiving device have to be the same frequency so that the signals data can be send n receive. Every wireless transmission, there will be encoding and decoding technique that is vary from every device. Encoding is to ensure that the information that will be send wirelessly is secure as in aegis and not disturb by other same device that has same frequency.Memory (RAM)Memory which can be separated into 2 types which are volatile and non-volatile memory. In chapter 2 already explain what is volatile and non-volatile. This project uses 2 memory which are 1 at transmitting and 1 at receiving.The following are the pin definitions for this memoryPin NumberTypeDescription1-10, 21, 23-26InputA0-A14 are address inputs.11-13, 15-19Input/OutputI/O0-I/O7 are data lines. It is used as inputs and output lines depending on the operation.27Input/ControlWhen WE is selected to be low, a write is conducted. When high is selected, a read is conducted.20Input/ControlWhen CE is low, chip is selected. When high, chip is selected.22Input/Co ntrolOutput enable. Controls the direction of the I/O pins. When low, the I/O pins behave as outputs. When deasserted high, I/O pins are three-stated and act as input data pins14GroundGround for device28Power SupplyPower supply for deviceTable 3.5 Memory DescriptionSoftware Flow ChartTransmitterStartCapture frame 8 times spare into memoryCapture 7500 bits?Transmit wirelesslyYesNoFigure 3.16 Transmitter frontmost the laptop will send out bit of red, green and blue with the sync bit. This bit that is in analog will convert into digital once it reach inside microcontroller. Then the microcontroller will write the frames that is capture 8 times into memory. It will check has it capture 7500 bits or not if not then the microcontroller will keep on capturing. After that once 7500 bits obtain then microcontroller will read from memory and send through wirelessly at transmitting side.ReceiverChecking for wireless signalWrite into memoryReceive 7500 bits?Display at monitorEndYesNoFigure 3.17 ReceiverThe receiver will keep on checking for wirelessly signal. Once it obtains the signal then will write into the memory. The microcontroller will constantly check whether it has receive 7500 bits. Once it reach 7500 bits then the monitor will display image.CHAPTER 4 Analysis and TestingRGB Timing