Perception of Different Sugars by Blowflies

? ? Fly? lab? state? p. 1? SAMPLE science laboratory REPORT Perception of Different Sugars by Blowfly by Alexander Hamilton biology 101 October 24, 2009 Lab Partners Sharon Flynn, Andi Alexander ? ABSTRACT ? Fly? lab? key? p. 2? To feed on materials that ar healthy for them, fly (order Diptera) office taste receptors on their tarsi to name cultivated cabbages to ingest. We examined the ability of blow travel to taste monosaccharide and disaccharide peags as well as saccharin. To do this, we attached flies to the ends of sticks and lowered their feet into solutions with several(predicate) stringencys of these sugars.We counted a prescribed response when they lowered their proboscis to feed. The flies acted to saccharose at a lower ingress than they did of glucose, and they didnt resolve to saccharin at all. Our results show that they taste larger sugar molecules more readily than they do smaller ones. They didnt feed on saccharin because the saccharin we use is actua lly the sodium table salt of saccharin, and they reject salt solutions. Overall, our results show that flies be equal to taste and choose foods that are good for them. INTRODUCTION All animals depone on backbones of taste and smell to find acceptable food for survival.Chemoreceptors are found in the taste buds on the tongue in earthly concern (Campbell, 2008), for example, for tasting food. Studies of sensory physiology have often used insects as try outal subjects because insects mass be manipulated with ease and because their sensory-response system is relatively simple (E. Williams, in the flesh(predicate)ised communication). wing are able to taste food by move on it (Dethier, 1963). Hollow hairs around the proboscis and tarsi contain receptor neurons that can distinguish among water, salts, and sugars, and flies can distinguish among different sugars (Dethier, 1976).These traits enable them to find necessary nutrition. ? ? Fly? lab? report? p. 3? In this experiment we tested the ability of the blowfly Sarcophaga bullata to taste different sugars and a sugar substitute, saccharin. Because sucrose is so fragrancy to people, I expected the flies to taste lower concentrations of sucrose than they would of maltose and glucose, sugars that are less sweet to people. Because saccharin is also sweet tasting to people, I expected the flies to oppose positively and feed on it as well.METHODS We stuck flies to popsickle sticks by push button their wings into a sticky wax we rubbed on the sticks. Then we make a dilution series of glucose, maltose, and sucrose in one-half log submarine steps (0. 003M, 0. 01M, 0. 03M, 0. 1M, 0. 3M, and 1M) from the 1M concentrations of the sugars we were given. We tested the flies sensory perception by bighearted each fly the chance to feed from each sugar, starting with the last-place concentration and working up. We rinsed the flies between tests by swishing their feet in distilled water. We counted a positive respon se whenever a fly lowered its proboscis.To ensure that positive responses were to sugars and non to water, we let them drink distilled water before each test. chink the lab handout Taste Reception in fly ( biological science Department, 2000) for details. RESULTS Flies responded to high concentrations (1M) of sugar by lowering their probosces and feeding. The threshold concentration require to elicit a positive response from at least 50% of the flies was lowest for sucrose, while the threshold concentration was highest for glucose (Fig. 1). Hardly whatsoever flies responded to saccharin. Based on the results from all ? ? Fly? lab? report? p. 4? he lab groups together, there was a major contrast in the response of flies to the sugars and to saccharin (Table 1). When all the sugars were considered together, this difference was significant (t = 10. 46, df = 8, p . 05). Also, the response of two flies to saccharin was not statistically different from naught (t = 1. 12, df = 8, n . s. ). DISCUSSION The results supported my first hypothesis that sucrose would be the close easily detectable sugar by the flies. Flies show a selectivity of response to sugars based on molecular(a) size and structure. Glucose, the smallest of the three sugars, is a monosaccharide.The threshold value of glucose was the highest in this experiment because a higher concentration of this small sugar was needed to elicit a positive response. malt sugar and sucrose are both disaccharides but not with the same molecular weight or composition. It has been shown that flies respond better to alpha-glucosidase derivatives than to beta-glucosidase derivatives (Dethier 1975). Because sucrose is an alphaglucosidase derivative, it makes sense that the threshold value for sucrose occurs at a lower concentration than that for maltose. This might also be the reason why sucrose tastes so sweet to people.My other hypothesis was not supported, however, because the flies did not respond positively to s accharin. The sweetener people use is actually the sodium salt of saccharic acid (Budavari, 1989). Even though it tastes 300 to 500 times as sweet as sucrose to people (Budavari, 1989), flies taste the sodium and so reject saccharin as a salt. Two flies did respond positively to saccharin, but the response of only two flies is not significant, and the lab group that got the positive responses to saccharin may not have rinsed the flies ? off properly before the test. ? Fly? lab? report? . 5? Flies taste food with specific cells on their tarsal hairs. from each one hair has, in addition to a mechanoreceptor, five distinct cells alcohol, oil, water, salt, and sugar that determine its acceptance or rejection of the food (Dethier, 1975). The membranes located on the tarsi are the actual functional receptors since it is their depolarization that propagates the stimulus to the fly (Dethier, 1975). Of the five cells, stimulant drug of the water and sugar cells induce feeding, while sti mulation of the salt, alcohol, and oil receptors subordinate feeding.More specifically, a fly will reject food if the substrate fails to consume the sugar or water receptors, stimulates a salt receptor, or causes a different message from normal (e. g. , salt and sugar receptors stimulated concurrently) (Dethier 1963). Flies accept sugars and reject salts as well as unpalatable compounds exchangeable alkaloids (Dethier & Bowdan, 1989). This selectivity is a valuable asset to a fly because it helps the fly own potentially toxic substances as well as valuable nutrients (H. Cramer, personal communication).Substances such as alcohols and salts could dehydrate the fly and have other pestiferous effects on its homeostasis (Dethier, 1976). Thus, flies are well adapted to conclusion food for their own survival. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Prof. Cramer for help with the t-test and my lab partners for serving me conduct and understand this experiment. LITERATURE CITED Campbell, N. A. , & J. B. Reece. 2008. Biology, 8th ed. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San ? Francisco. ? Fly? lab? report? p. 6? Budavari, S. , et al. 1989.The Merck Index. Merck & Co. , Rahway, NJ. Biology Department. 2000. Taste Reception in Flies. Biology 101 Laboratory Manual, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY. Dethier, V. G. 1963. The Physiology of Insect Senses. Methuen & Co. , London. Dethier, V. G. 1976. The Hungry Fly. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Dethier, V. G. , & E. Bowdan. 1989. The effect of alkaloids on sugar receptors and the feeding behaviour of the blowfly. Physiological Entomology 14127-136. Table 1. The average out number of flies in each lab group that supply from 0. M concentrations of each chemical substance tested. The mean + standard deviation is shown. chemical tested number of 10 flies responding glucose maltose sucrose saccharin 3. 2 + 1. 5 7. 8 + 2. 3 8. 6 + 2. 1 0. 2 + 0. 5 ? ? Fly? lab? report? p. 7? Fig. 1. Taste response curves of flies to different concentrations of the sugars glucose, maltose, and sucrose. Fig. 2. Chemical formulas of sucrose and maltose (Biology Department, 2000). Glucose is a monosaccharide and is shown as part of each of these molecules.