'Networking Concepts and Applications Essay\r'

'One of the paint differences between assorted network types is their geographical arena. A local playing sphere of influence network, or LAN, is made up of a smaller group of computers linked unneurotic and located in the same small area such as a room, a decorate or a building. A backbone network, or BN, is a larger network which connects multiple LANs, WANs, MANs or other BNs together and can range from a few hundred feet to miles in surface. Metropolitan area networks, or MANs, normally range in size from a few miles up to thirty miles and LANs and BNs from diametric areas to each other as well as to WANs. Wide area networks, or WANs, can be hundreds or thousands of miles in size and connect MANs and BNs crossways these distances.\r\n irresolution 14: Explain how a heart and soul is transmitted from one computer to another victimisation bottoms.\r\nThe cognitive content is first created at the application layer using a software application. This software translates the message ground on the protocol macrocosm utilize to transfer the message and places the necessary in define upion along with the message into a Protocol info social unit (PDU) which is also known as a ‘ big bucks’. This portion is thus passed on to the sustain work. The cargo ships layer, using its own Transmission Control Protocol, or TCP, takes the software from the application layer and places it in a TCP packet along with whatever excess data the TCP segment requires, and passes it along to the internet Layer.\r\nThe Network Layer, as with the previous layers, has its own protocols. In this case we’ll use the Internet Protocol, or IP. IP determines the next destination as the message is routed finished the network, places the TCP packet inside an IP packet along with any attachitional required data and passes in on to the Data combine Layer. The Data Link Layer will again restrain its own protocols and rules for transmitting the message and will format the message with the necessary start and stop markers, add error checking data, place the IP packet at heart a new packet based on the Data Link Layer protocol organism used and pass it on to the fleshly Layer.\r\nThe Physical Layer is whatever physical ironware is being used to transmit the message to the other computer. The hardware then converts the data passed to it into a series of electrical pulses and sends them across the network to their destination. The electrical pulses are then captured by the receiving hardware, which then passes the Data Link Layer packet to be unpacked by the Data Link Layer. From there the Network Layer’s packet is passed on to the Network Layer to be unpacked. The Transport Layers packet is passed on to the Transport Layer which last passes the Application Layer’s packet on to be processed by the Application Layer.\r\nQuestion 17: Describe two important data communication theory standards-making bodies. How do th ey differ?\r\nOne study data communications standards making body is the Telecommunications Group, or International Telecommunications Union. The Telecommunications Group is standards setting group based out of Geneva with members from approximately 200 countries and focuses on setting technical standards.\r\nAnother is the Internet engine room Task Force, or IETF, is an organization which sets the standards which govern how untold of the internet operates.\r\nWhile both of the organizations are alike in that they are standard making bodies focussed on data communications, they differ in the scope of their focus as well as the mental synthesis of membership. The ITU’s membership is made up of representatives from different countries around the world and focuses on technical standards for foreign telecommunications. The IETF’s membership completely different, the IETF membership is render to anyone and anyone may attend their meetings and receive their mailings. They also fall in a much narrower focus and solely set standards regarding the operation of the internet.\r\nReferences\r\nFitzGerald, J., & Dennis, A. (2009). Business data communications and networking. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.\r\n'